Cultural Tattoos Essay - 1539 Words

Tattoos and Their Cultural Relevance For as long as there have been people, there have been methods of distinction amongst them. Throughout the years we have discovered ways in which to express our beliefs, our ideals, and our passions. Tattooing has been one of forefront methods in expressing our humanity, or in certain cases, our lack there of. For so many, they have taken on many different representations, each with an equal level of significance. The importance found in the symbolism of tattoos and their cultural relevance has consistently been a trend found throughout history, religion, and art. The ancient practice of body art commonly known today as tattoo originates from the Tahitian word â€Å"tatau†, which means, to tap the mark†¦show more content†¦The defiant Japanese commoners covered themselves lavishly from their necks to their elbows, and above the knees. The Japanese government looked upon this disturbance of the poor as subversive, and outlawed tattoos in 1870. This is when the symbolism of tattoos in Japanese culture shifted. They had gone from a representation of splendor, to one associated with Japanese crime. As a result, tattooists were forced to retreat into the background of Japanese society. Luckily for them, the Japanese gangster class in Japan known as the Ikuza, embraced this subculture with open arms. The elaborately designed tattoos of the Ikuza depicted above, represented character traits the wearer desired to emulate. A lion represented courage, while a carp was worn to emulate strength and perseverance. Because the designs require d long periods of pain, the act itself was looked upon as a show of allegiance to the wearer’s personal beliefs. Tattooing was also popular amongst Maori men of New Zealand, who covered their buttocks, thighs, and faces. Maori men had their faces tattooed by a â€Å"mokoâ€Å" artist, a technique that is unique to the Maori. The pattern was slowly carved into the skin with a chisel, much in the same way a design might be carved into a plank wood. Ink was then be placed in the fresh wounds to create the tattoo. The process, which was extremely painful, was typically done in stages,Show MoreRelatedCultural Symbolism Of Tattoos1134 Words   |  5 Pagessome people tattoos are being used as a known accessory, the reason on why do people make the decision to get them is hardly if ever even questioned. The pain, the stereotypes, and the misconceptions that are often associated with tattoos would pose the question as to why would you choose to get a tattoo. Tattoos can be person al and good way of expressing yourself. Most people, they are shown as different symbols that each have an equal level of significance. The essential of each tattoo have eachRead MoreTattoos And Its Effects On Society Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pages†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å"Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time.† - Thomas Merton Tattoos have been around for a long time and are used in different groups for different purposes. Tattoos originated in small cultural tribes and religious groups. This type of body art has been used as a source of expression for personal and family pride and a form of identity for cultural and religious groups. Tattoos have also been used in certain periods of war. Through the use of these body modificationRead MoreExpressing Identity Through Tattoos and Piercings Essay786 Words   |  4 PagesExpressing Identity through Tattoos and Piercings The rising popularity of tattoos and body piercing is more than just the latest fashion craze. This type of body art has been a part of this world for thousands of years. Tattoos and piercings have served as amulets, status symbols, declarations of love, signs of religious beliefs, adornments and even forms of punishment (Smithsonian.com). In the later years (1940 – 2000) tattoos and piercings were more common among teenagers and young adults, butRead MoreInk Tattoos855 Words   |  4 Pagesink tattoos presented in the texts. â€Å"When, for example, does tattooing become self-mutilation?† This quote is taken from text 1 by Andy Carrington who’s a poet and writer. In 2012 he published this text â€Å"Is Tattooing a Form of Self-Mutilation?† through his personal website. The question is: Does tattooing mean self-mutilation at all? It depends how you turn the perspective. Andy Carrington has a majority of tattoos, since he wrote â€Å"I will confess I chose to have a majority of my tattoos doneRead MoreTattoos : Culture And Culture1485 Words   |  6 Pagesof every culture and the American culture is no different. One of the aspects of American culture is the tattoo. Tattoos have been around for centuries, they are also part of other cultures and appeal to a broad variety of people. Tattoos became part of American culture through cultural diffusion, which is where one culture shares its culture with another through direct contact. Recently tattoos have re-assimilated into American culture and society by first being associated with deviant behavior andRead MoreMigrant Tattoos And Their Implications : A Case Study Of Eritrean Emigrants1200 Words   |  5 PagesMigrant Tattoos and Their Implications: a Case Study of Eritrean Emigrants in Newcastle Introduction Tattoos, as an art of body modification, have cultural and social meanings all over the world for thousands of years (Humbly, 1925). Archaeological evidence clearly showed that body modification (tattooing) is one of the oldest forms of human expression/art (Ball, 1996). The implication and importance of tattoos has been diverse and changed through time in a society (Humbly, 1925). â€Å"AnthropologicalRead MoreInformative Essay About Tattoos756 Words   |  4 Pagesin high school I always talked to my friends about tattoos and how mind blowing it would be to have one. However, they always asked me â€Å"are you sure you want a tattoo, you know they don’t ever go away right?† I always downplayed what they said until I actually did research about tattoos. Once I learned that my religion, Islam prohibited any form of tattoo I was heartbroken; I always dreamt of getting a tattoo but, I never knew what to get. Tattoos serve a variety of purposes depending on religionRead MoreWhat Does Morality Have On Do With Tattoos?1695 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Morality Have To Do With Tattoos? Coca Cola (2015) did an experiment/ advertisement called, Remove labels this Ramadan, where six people sat in a pitch-black room and engaged in conversation. They each went around the table and described something unique about themselves. One man said he is in a heavy-metal band, the group then depicted what they envisioned him to look like, describing him to have long hair and possible piercings. Another man said he enjoyed reading and studying, particularlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlet And An Argumentative Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 112 involved writing a large variety of literary pieces focusing on multiple components of writing. I wrote a multigenre on tattoos, literary analysis on Hamlet, and an argumentative essay as well as a summary and response essay on the need for higher education. From this wide array of papers I have learned and grown in my technical writing skills that will contribute in my pursuits of college level classes. I will address each of my papers and what I have learned from them. I have includedRead MoreEssay on Body Art543 Words   |  3 Pagesto conform to new customs of their particular cultural group, to attract a mate or sex partner, to show of their wealth or social status, or to just make an outgoing statement about themselves. Is body art really a pop culture? Our dissatisfaction with the human body and its covering is expressed in endless change. This results in the desire and adoption of a trend, these trends are shown through ways such as piercing, body painting, and tattoos, Body piercing has grown in popularity over the

Global Leadership And Organizational Behavior...

Case study Ch 4: Tell the Kid?s We?re Moving to Kenya Student?s name: Date of submission: GLOBE stands for Global Leadership and organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research project a group of international social scientists and management scholars that study cross-cultural leadership. They have outlined six dimensions won which global leaders should have in their behaviors that acted as bases for leadership comparison. The units for measurement are performance orientation, assertiveness, future orientation, human orientation, collectivism, gender egalitarianism, power and uncertainty. The dimensions for global leadership are charismatic, team-oriented, self-protective, participative, human orientation in this case the leader is modest, compassionate towards others, and finally able to perform without frequent consultation, autonomous. (House et al.) Geert Hofstede is a researcher researching on the global leadership he focuses on how culture affects values in a workplace. He defends that all behaviors are defined by culture. The culture of a place affects how an individual behaves. Hofstede cultural dimensions are power distance index it measures the power of members in an organization it shows how the society handles inequality. Individualism is how an individual is integrated in a group. Masculinity this evaluates the distribution of roles. Uncertainty avoidance tolerance to the society, long-term orientation shows the values of perseverance and finally theShow MoreRelatedHofstede And Globe ( Global Leadership And Organisation Behaviour Effectiveness1108 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This report is comparison between Hofstede and GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisation Behaviour Effectiveness) research on Culture and Leadership. Hofstede and GLOBE is similar, they both investigation the behaviour of organisations in different countries and across culture. But the way and research scope still quite different. In this report we will summarized and reviewed the theoretical dimension of various culture and leadership. Include the deficiencies in Hofstede’s work which the GLOBERead MoreContemporary Views Of Leadership And Leadership1513 Words   |  7 PagesViews of Leadership Leadership encompasses all areas of our lives. Everyone performs a leadership role in their household one way or the other. Parents perform leadership roles every day in their homes. In schools, leadership roles are being performed on a daily basis by students and teachers. In churches, there are pastors, deacons, elders, etc. perform leadership roles. At your jobs, leadership roles come into play each and every day. As you can see leadership is a veryRead MoreThe Stress Level Among Employees1035 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagers and team members disagree about perceptions of organizational support, stress level among employees increases. The employees are unsure about how to proceed with the task in hand, if they don’t know what management is expected of the task or what management see as the project output. This scenario combined with increased job demand causes employees to stress out more as there is no clear guidance on how proceed here. Organizational culture with less support and encouragement for innovationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Regulation On Leadership Abilities1574 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is perhaps the most well studied aspect of this research proposal, but has only minimally been looked at in relation to emotions and stressful situations. Leadership is such a broad concept that any viewing of it from a particular perspective may yield new results. Understanding if leaders can benefit from emotion regulation training is important due to the many factors that can impact leadership abilities (Arnold et al., 2015; Foti Hauenstein, 2007). Openings and gaps in the literatureRead MoreStrategic Management : Strategic Managers939 Words   |  4 Pagesexecutives are responsible for developing strategies for the organizational structure as well as the facilities and tools required to support the mission and vision. Leaders must take into consider the degree to which the organization should operate virtually. Facilities and IT tools differ depending on the geographical location, culture, global partnerships, industry, and types of projects within an organization. Facility Design Research found that the most effective facility strategy is a hybridRead MoreOrganizational Development Of A Global Organization1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of a global organization, I would discuss with the leader the data gathered by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program (GLOBE) to understand how to effectively create an inclusive culture (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, 2004). Countries, where this corporation is planting the business operations, are Greece, Singapore, Germany, and Iran. Diverse employees will be hired from these countries to work as a global team. It would be imperativeRead MoreA Leadership Profile of American Project Managers.4785 Words   |  20 PagesTitle: A leadership profile of American project managers. By: Zimmerer, Thomas W., Yasin, Mahmoud M., Project Management Journal, 87569728, Mar1998, Vol. 29, Issue 1 Abstract This paper reports the results of a survey of senior  project  managers. The results clearly and unequivocally identify positive success and negative  leadership  as the cause of  project  failure. The characteristics of  leadership  are further identified, as well as the  projectmanagement  tools  that are most useful and mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Geert Hofstede s Cultural Theory1644 Words   |  7 PagesCulture influences our expectations of what is appropriate or inappropriate and also learned and reflects the values of a society. It frames our experiences and provides us with patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling, and interacting. In summary, culture affects every prospect of daily life - how we think and feel, how we learn and teach, or what we consider to be beautiful or cross-grained. However, most people are unaware of their own culture until they experience another. In fact, we don t regularlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Geert Hofstede s Cultural Theory1644 W ords   |  7 PagesCulture influences our expectations of what is appropriate or inappropriate and also learned and reflects the values of a society. It frames our experiences and provides us with patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling, and interacting. In summary, culture affects every prospect of daily life - how we think and feel, how we learn and teach, or what we consider to be beautiful or cross-grained. However, most people are unaware of their own culture until they experience another. In fact, we don t regularlyRead MoreGlobal Leadership And Organizational Behavior Effectiveness1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness). The GLOBE research followed in Hofstede s footsteps yet also searched for additional dimensions (Cater, Lang Szabo, 2013, p. 446) as depicted and defined on Table II. In light of the GLOBE findings, earlier conceptualisations of culture have been reconsidered with respect to the impact of c ulture on leadership (Dickson et al., 2012 as cited in Cater et al., 2013, p. 447). GLOBE researchers introduced twnety one first-orderr Global Leadership And Organizational Behavior... Over the last few decades, psychologists, and psychiatrists, in addition to researchers in other fields have been involved with several studies pertaining to the differences of cultures encountered in many countries. One of the most interesting researches was by Geet Hofstede who began his studies in the 1965 (Jan, n.d). He published his first book on his findings in the 1980s. It included four cultural dimensions: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity (Jan, n.d). He added a fifth dimension, the long-term versus short term orientation later on, and in 2010 he added a sixth dimension, the indulgence versus self-restraint (Jan, n.d). In 1993, Dr. Robert J. House at the University of Pennsylvania started a huge research called the GLOBE project which stands for: Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research (Wikipedia, Global leadership, n.d.). The GLOBE project studied the findi ngs of Hofstede and expanded its investigation to cover 62 countries, 170 co-country investigators and over 17000 managers worldwide (Wikipedia, Global leadership, n.d.). The GLOBE project includes 9 cultural dimensions also called cultural competencies which are: Performance Orientation Uncertainty Avoidance Humane Orientation Institutional Collectivism In-Group Collectivism Assertiveness Gender Egalitarianism Future Orientation Power Distance In the textbook, McLean lists 9 divergentShow MoreRelatedGlobal Leadership And Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Project1204 Words   |  5 PagesTell the Kid?s We?re Moving to Kenya Student?s name: Date of submission: GLOBE stands for Global Leadership and organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research project a group of international social scientists and management scholars that study cross-cultural leadership. They have outlined six dimensions won which global leaders should have in their behaviors that acted as bases for leadership comparison. The units for measurement are performance orientation, assertiveness, future orientationRead MoreEssay on Applied Business Research Case Study935 Words   |  4 Pagesever-changing global market. After years of unscrupulous corporate leaders managing and leading some of the world’s biggest corporations to failure, researchers and business leaders realize the need for ethical and sound leadership. The need for ethical and sound leadership helps to facilitate and manage daily operations and to sustain their competitive advantage within the global economy. However, with this evolution, numerous research studies add to the understanding of leadersh ip theories andRead MoreHofstede And Globe ( Global Leadership And Organisation Behaviour Effectiveness1108 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This report is comparison between Hofstede and GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisation Behaviour Effectiveness) research on Culture and Leadership. Hofstede and GLOBE is similar, they both investigation the behaviour of organisations in different countries and across culture. But the way and research scope still quite different. In this report we will summarized and reviewed the theoretical dimension of various culture and leadership. Include the deficiencies in Hofstede’s work which the GLOBERead MoreAnalysis Of Organizational Management During The United States Military1545 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Organizational Management in the United States Military Throughout history, the theory of what constitutes effective management practice has evolved with the changes and advances in technology and society. However, there are basic principles of each theory that have either influenced contemporary theory or are overtly used in today’s organizations. For example, the United States military overall ascribes to a classical organizational theory of management with an emphasis on transactionalRead MoreThe Role Of Organizational Behavior By Embracing Performance Management Research Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues’, Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), pp.507-525. Aguinis, H., C. Pierce, (2008) ‘Enhancing the Relevance of Organizational Behavior by Embracing Performance Management Research’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29 (1) pp.139-145 Atrill, P., E. McLaney, (2011) Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists, 7th Edition, Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Barney, J. (1986) ‘Organizational Culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage’? Academy of Management 11(3), pp. 656-665. BarneyRead MoreThe Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Leadership Effectiveness in Multinational Organizations1354 Words   |  5 PagesA Study on Cultural intelligence and its effect on leadership effectiveness and behavior in multinational organizations in Asia Introduction The success of corporate sector is the critical element for the sustained growth and prosperous economy of any nation. In today’s tough competitive market environment, organizations strive to differentiate themselves from the rest by offering the most innovative product and services to the consumers. Organizations that offer solutions beyond the current needsRead MoreEssay On Leadership Development From A Global Perspective1022 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Development from a Global Perspective In our modern world, business conduct operations in a global environment; unfortunately, however, far too many business leaders are currently out of touch with the personnel they are called upon to lead. Businesses must not only respect their localities and leading marketplaces, but they must also bear in mind the entire globe. Furthermore, more and more business leaders are beginning to manage international companies that operate in different partsRead MoreHow Personality Traits and Leadership Styles Influence Organizational Leadership1288 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction of findings Researchers correlate effective organizational leadership with certain characteristics. McHugh (2009) stated that â€Å"there may be no other feature of American life that contains as much bias toward extroversion as leadership.† This means that debate still exists whether or not introverts may be effective as leaders compared to extroverts. Some researches would argue that introverts are more reserved and prefer to work alone without the aid of anyone else. Introverts areRead MoreThe Building Blocks Of Society Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesroles and religion that is acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Culture is the totality of a person’s learned and accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or in other words, behavior that is acquired through social learning. A culture is a way of life for a group of people, passed along by communication from one generation to the next. Finally culture can be defined as the collective programming that distinguishes the membersRead MoreOrganizational Development Of A Global Organization1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe development of a global organization, I would discuss with the leader the data gathered by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program (GLOBE) to understand how to effectively create an inclusive culture (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, 2004). Countries, where this corporation is planting the business operations, are Greece, Singapore, Germany, and Iran. Diverse employees will be hired from these countries to work as a global team. It would be imperative

To Learn English as an English Teacher Free Essays

Omar Alfaro Reyes ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES TO LEARN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Why learning English as a second language? Nowadays learning another language is important because it is the most common language in the world, almost 60% people in the world use English regularly. Sometimes people think that learning English is difficult because most of the students can have different difficulties and problems in learning another language for example they make mistakes in their pronunciations, grammar, spelling and vocabulary usage. However it is worth for the wealth of information and the opportunity to open up for a person, for instance, the use of information and communication by internet or traveling abroad the world, they are two advantages for learning English. We will write a custom essay sample on To Learn English as an English Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also most of the students think to learn English is difficult because they speak English as speak Spanish or because students have lack vocabulary and they are two disadvantages to learn English as a second language. The ability to speak English fluently opens up a world of information and communication for a person. Information and communication by internet is a good idea for people or students that can surf in the web sites for looking examples or exercises about grammar for studying more in English. This is the best way for people can study another language, for instance the use of internet will allow them to chat with people from all over the world in chat-room. The second advantage is traveling abroad the world. English is often spoken in other country as a universal language for example Trinidad y Tobago, Puerto Rico and other ones. Knowing English is a great advantage to learn English because they can improve their knowledge in a real way. A much more serious problem for learners of English is the extent of the vocabulary. People think they can speak English as speak Spanish, this is the reason for a lot of misunderstandings happen when two non-English people talk with each other in English. Sometimes is confused because the people do not practice a lot and they are think that is really difficult. Second problem is that people have lack vocabulary, also for people are really difficult to learn English because they want to communicate but all the time is stressful for do not have a lot of vocabulary. 0% of people in Mexico think that English is really difficult to learn for instances because they do not have feeling for learning English and this are big disadvantages to learn English. In conclusion, the most important thing to do in this situation is to maximize your opportunities: to speak English, and not only speak English also try to practice a lot and try to understand in class and use English whenever possible out side the class. If you follow these rules, you will not have problems to learn a second language. How to cite To Learn English as an English Teacher, Papers

The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus History, Mechanisms, and Remedial Strategies Essay Example

The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: History, Mechanisms, and Remedial Strategies Essay The discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1929 was a breakthrough that seemed to ensure recovery from bacterial infections, in particular S. aureus infections.   Unfortunately, resistance was observed almost immediately after the â€Å"wonder drug† was released for public use.   Ever since, the battle between man and bacteria has continued.   However, in the last decade, an increasing numbers of S. aureus strains have appeared, especially the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA).   These strains were not common at one time and were basically found in a few hospitals.   Nowadays, their spread is endemic.   Not only hospitals have them but closed community institutions with elderly people and people with disabilities.   Individuals with compromised immune systems are most at risk since they cannot defend themselves against the bacteria.   Bacteria like S. aureus have established different levels of resistance, which are mostly based on genetic recombination and the acquisition of Resistance Transformation Factors (RTFs) onto their plasmids.   Acquisition can come from other strains of S. aureus or other species of bacteria.   It should be very clear that bacterial resistance is a threatening problem that has been caused by the overuse as well as the misuse of antibiotics like penicillin.   In addition, antimicrobial products work the same way than antibiotics do, thereby creating a much larger environmnent for mutants to appear, especially when they are overused.   Many research laboratories are now designing novel drugs that they hope will replace the failing antibiotics.   The main strategy is to target specific components of the resistance pathways and engineer molecules that will interfere with these pathways at different levels. The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: History, Mechanisms, and Remedial Strategies In the United States alone, 500,000 patients get a staphylococcal infection every year.   Staphylococcus aureus is found on the skin or in the nose of a healthy person.   S. aureus infections vary in their gravity.   They can go from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and cellulitis, even causing abscesses.   Severe infections threaten lives: pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, Toxic Shock Syndrome, and Septicemia are a few examples of such infections.   S. aureus belongs to the Gram-positive bacterial group.   Gram-positive indicates that when stained with Gram’s stain, the characteristic color of the cells taking up the dye will be violet blue (Gram-negative gives a red color).   It is called a coccus because it is spherical in shape.   In fact, it looks like grape-like clusters when viewed under a microscope.   When the cells are grown on blood agar, large golden yellow colonies are observed, hence the name â€Å"aureus† from the Latin w ord for gold.   The genome for the bacterium possesses approximately 2,600 genes, representing 2.8 million bp of DNA.   Plasmids may also be counted as part of its genome.   The basic ways an infection can spread is through skin contacts with an infected individual, contact through an infected open wound, as well as contacts with contaminated objects such as clothing, sheets, towels, and even athletic equipment.   S. aureus can survive on domesticated animals and is known to cause mastitis in cows.   Fundamentally, human to human contacts are the most worrisome reason why a S. aureus infection can spread: nocosomial contaminations and infections can affect different individuals, from babies to older adults, all having a weaker immune system, therefore, being at risk for a potential deadly outcome. (Staphylococcus, 1-3) We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: History, Mechanisms, and Remedial Strategies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: History, Mechanisms, and Remedial Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: History, Mechanisms, and Remedial Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Discussion Penicillin’s effect on Staphylococci was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929 when his agar plate with the cocci became contaminated with a Penicillium mold.   By 1946, penicillin became available and proved very effective in killing staphylocci as well as streptocci.   The remarkable characteristic of penicillin was its selective toxicity, meaning that the drug was able to kill the bacteria but not the host.   At that point, the majority of the medical establishment and the public were convinced that penicillin was a â€Å"wonder drug†.   Unfortunately, resistance to the antibiotic became apparent a short while after its introduction.   Around the late 1940s and into the 1950’s other drugs were discovered: streptomycin, chloroamphenicol, and tetracycline.   Even though these drugs had wide spectrum efficiency against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it was short-lived.   After a Shigella outbreak in 1953 Japan, these drugs were fou nd to have become useless because this bacterium species was resistant to all of them.   By 1950, 40% of hospital S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin.   By 1960, the percentage had risen to 80%.   Scientists needed to understand how resistant strains of bacteria in general were coming into existence.   In addition, it became necessary to develop a strategy to eliminate or at least lessen the bacterial resistance problem. (Chambers, 2001) The basis for general microbial resistance relies on two main categories: a natural resistance and an acquired resistance.   A natural resistance may arise due to the presence of a key gene causing the appearance of a resistant phenotype.   Additionally, a naturally resistant bacterium may lack a transport system or a viable target to be hit by the drug.   The other type of resistance â€Å"strategy† involves the bacterium undergoing either a spontaneous mutation and selection or an exchange of genes between strains and/or species.   Conjugation (cell to cell contact as DNA is transferred from donor to recipient), transduction (viral gene transfer) by a phage, and transformation (new genes provided by a lysed cell) are the main ways bacteria genetically recombine their DNA.   Usually, plasmids contain the Resistance Transfer Factors (RTFs) that confer resistance to a recipient strain or species. (Todar, 2006) Antibiotic-resistant infections are dangerous because no drug can kill the infectious bacteria, clearly implying that mortality will be high, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems like AIDS patients, for example.   One general reason for the emergence of resistant strains or species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, is the excessive use of antibiotics and their misuse for viral infections.   Viruses are not susceptible to antibiotics.   Furthermore, patients are told to take the drugs for a specific length of time.   However, many people believe (falsely) that if they feel better, they can stop taking the antibiotics and â€Å"save some for later†.   In that case, all the bacterial cells are not killed if a sufficient dose of antibiotics is not taken.   Therefore, surviving cells may include mutants that are now drug-resistant.   These mutants can then infect the host or infect someone else through contact with the host.   Anothe r danger is the contemporary overuse of antimicrobial products (hand and body soaps, kitchenware, clothes, pillows, baby toys etc).   The multiplication of these types of products creates the perfect environment for mutants for the same reason than that of the overuse of antibiotics. Penicillins and cephalosporins were used against S. aureus.   Their mechanism of action was to inhibit cell wall synthesis due to the beta-lactam central ring structure of the drug.   However, S. aureus became resistant to penicillin by using a specific type of enzymes, the beta-lactamases, which opens the beta-lactam ring, rendering the drug useless.   So, other drugs were needed to counteract these enzymes.   One strategy was to create beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins, such as methicillin, oxacillin, for example, that are able to resist degradation by the enzymes.   A second strategy was to synthesize drugs that could be used to bind to beta-lactamases irreversibly, thereby preventing the enzymes to catalyze the opening of the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and cephalosporins.   Such drugs are amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.   Yet, the bacteria were not out of options.   As mentioned above, penicillin is involved in the interruption of cell wall synthesis sinc e beta-lactam antibiotics are structural analogs of the modular components of peptidoglycan.   Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs) are present in bacterial cells in large numbers and are involved in the final steps of the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of bacterial cell walls.   The mechanism is based on the structural analogy of penicillins with modular components of the peptidoglycan.   The PBPs bind penicillin irreversibly, inactivating the enzyme.   Inhibition of the PBPs triggers the formation of defects within the wall, weakening the cell to lysis and death.   Besides using beta-lactamases, S. aureus and other bacteria overcame the inactivation of the PBPs by overproduction and mutation of the enzymes to a lower affinity for penicillins.   The resulting resistance then produced MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin is a penicillin derivative) and subsequently, VRSA (Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus).   Vancomycin is a totally different type of antibiotics.   Essentially, it is a glycopeptide that inihibits peptidoglycan synthesis.   As discussed previously, genetic recombination allows the bacteria to modify or produce enzymes to combat the drugs.   Resistance to Methicillin occurs by the acquisition of mecA, which codes for an altered PBP that has a lower affinity.   Resistance to glycopeptides is caused by the acquisition of the vanA gene.   Interestingly, the vanA gene originates from another species of bacteria (enterococci) and codes for an enzyme that produces an altered peptidoglycan that vancomycin is unable to bind to. (Blot, Vandewoude, Hoste, Colardyn, 2002; Chang et al., 2003; Walsh, Howe, 2002) The extent of the resistance problem is increasing.   In the past few years, the decrease of vancomycin susceptibility has been prevalent in many epidemic lineages.   In fact, reduced vancomycin susceptibility is found in most MRSA lineages as well, amplifying the resistance problem.   From a genetic standpoint, the emergence of â€Å"distinct pandemic clones† has the potential to lead to more MRSA infections, rendering them almost impossible to treat.   S. aureus infections have been reported in hospitals all over the world (U.S. included), in closed communities like institutionalized elderly people and people with physical or mental disabilities.   Food-borne infections with S. aureus have been seen as well. (Enright, Robinson, Randle, Feil, Grundmann, Spratt, 2002) Many academic research laboratories are searching for ways to lessen or stop the resistance problems, with S. aureus and most bacteria.   Modern research aims at producing novel molecules to oppose bacterial resistance measures.   This implies that drug design is essential to find new drugs that will evade resistance mechanisms.   In addition, progress in one bacterial strain may help have more options for another strain or species.   The following two publications are the best examples of what biochemists are doing to combat bacterial resistance.   Pratt and colleagues (2003) have worked on the design of brand new molecules: the aryl malonamates.   The strategy employed was to design isomers of natural substrates for the bacterial enzyme and modify certain structural elements to produce compounds able to inhibit it (the enzymes in this study belong to P99 Enterobacter clocae). (Cabaret, Adediran, Pratt, Wakselman, 2003)   Other targets needed to be hit.   Pratt and c olleagues (2004) designed compounds aimed at inhibiting a peptidoglycan peptidase, an enzyme involved in cell wall synthesis, by using a novel beta-lactam mimetic of a peptidoglycan component. (Josephine, Kumar, Pratt, 2004)   In this example, the beta lactam structure is further modified to mimic elements of the peptidoglycan layer, in this case targeting side-chains.   These strategies are very hard to work out and may take years to complete.   However, more structural studies of key inhibitory components of S. aureus and others may give more ideas on how to create inhibitors. Strategies need to be implemented to prevent these infections in the first place.   Good hygiene is a very simple idea but it has always been effective.   The use of antibiotics should be very strictly regulated and the public should always be educated as to how they should take their medication.   Finally, as resistant strains are increasing for S. aureus, combining the MRSA lineages with vancomycin/glycopeptides resistance, more research must be done to design new drugs to combat the evolution of resistance.

Berkeley Application for MBA †Graduate School Admission Essay

Berkeley Application for MBA – Graduate School Admission Essay Free Online Research Papers Berkeley Application for MBA Graduate School Admission Essay The unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates, The Apology by Plato 1. In light of the above quotation, please discuss a decision you have made which, in retrospect, has had a profound influence on your present circumstances. In hindsight, would you have made a different decision? Please explain. (500 words minimum ; no maximum length.) When I was recognized as ‘the employee of the year’ in the department of trade in 19xx at xxx. thanks to the affirmative introduction of the position skill, my colleagues took my potential success as a trader for granted. Thus, the interview with the general manager for the transfer to the new field to which I had never been before was a great shock to my fellow workers. When I got the proposal of scout from international marketing team, a brand-new department in xxx, I considered which factor would be more favorable to my potential career among good success as a trader, high annual salary, and the acquisition of knowledge on the field of international market analysis. I am a kind of risk-taker based on the rational calculation on the side of the so-called ‘Frontierism’. The sense of challenge as a risk taker rather than simple decision-making such as ‘High risk, High return’ serves as basis for my decision-making procedure. Since the international marketing team, a brand-new department in xxx was so risky due to no base for every task that they assessed my analysis ability and experience that I had obtained in the process of task as a analyst would be essential element for the establishment and management of specialized trading firm, my long-term goal. In return, my role as an analyst was successful. Due to vigorous efforts of my colleagues and I, it was possible to introduce the business policies of xxx and xxx into the mainstream of business policy of xxx. In this regard, I am proud of its crucial role of decision-making procedure in terms of business policy. As far as I am concerned, the sense of challenge is the first step toward the achievement of all. As presigious historian Arnold Toynbee addressed, â€Å" The history has been formed through the challenges and its responses†, the challenges and responses have served as the most important criteria for my decision-making. In retrospect, I overlooked many internal risks even though I tried various risk hedges as many as possible. To be more than honest, I carried out the task many times without recognizing such factors. Despite the successful career development up to now, I realized that there is a plausibility that my challenge may turn out a failure without in-depth ac ademic achievement. A wide variety of curriculum in Hass that tries to link various fields such as accounting, finance, production, marketing, human resource management will help me get rid of many possible fallacies in decision-making process in the long term. This is one of the main reasons why I apply for Hass. 2. Please discuss your intermediate and long-term professional goals and why you want an MBA at this point in your career. In what ways do you think an MBA degree will help you to achieve these goals? What do you want from an MBA program and why have you chosen the Haas School? (500-750 words) In 2007, I might be in the middle of wrestle with my brain in terms of purchasing conditions such as local buyer, price, and market in the Bulk cargo-trading firm. I might have to decide how the change in the market will happen and also how the decision-making procedure should vary. My short-term goal is to conduct the business as a trading manager who can analyze current situation of market, grasp the tendency of future, and make accurate decision as well as to maintain and develop the flow of efficient business with all the partners in East Asia including Korea. My long-term goal is to establish a professional trading company, introducing new selling technique based on a cutting-edge mechanism such as Internet Web Site. Highly necessary is the professional knowledge in the sense that I will have to learn through the curriculums of UC Berkely such as marketing research, international marketing, integrated marketing communications. To the best of my belief, I am confident that my exp erience for the past 5 years will serves as great help achieving my goal. During the xxx Company, I learned the technique such as bridge loan, project finance, and risk hedge in the field of international finance as well as international marketing utilizing positioning in the field of international trade. In addition, I have analyzed the market price and the factors of demand fluctuation such as exchange rate occurred in international deal and the oil price. While working at xxx for about x years, I have improved my capability to conduct business based on a rational decision through my main work of the collecting and analyzing the market data. I learned the role as a member of our team and a coordinator in the sense that we can create synergy effect that might go beyond each and every ones ability based on the teamwork. I chose UC Berkely for the following reasons: First, small-scale classroom and small group interactions that UC Berkely provides are the primary reason why I apply for. My colleagues and I will be able to learn the importance of cooperation in supportive environment that UC Berkely will provide. Moreover, a variety of ethnicity of my colleagues will enhance my global perspective. Secondly, UC Berkely will help me achieve a series of processes such as strategic pursuing, negotiation skill, finalizing business deals with the limited data in an efficient manner. Third, the program of UC Berkely will serve as a decisive role in cultivating leadership in terms of the role not only as a manager on the spot in the short term, but also a leader in the establishment of a trading firm in the long term. Research Papers on Berkeley Application for MBA - Graduate School Admission EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export Quotas

5 Ways to Be More Productive and Get Things Done

5 Ways to Be More Productive and Get Things Done We’ve all been there: trying to multitask, but actually getting no tasks done. Workplaces are full of distractions, both personal and professional. New project ideas, trays of goodies, gossip, that new GIF going around†¦ the temptations are endless. Here are five ways you can train your brain to tune out all the noise and really engage in what you’re doing. You’ll be much more productive and infinitely more satisfied with the work you’re doing when you can give it all of your attention, even for just an hour at a time. There are also some great  apps that will help you boost your productivity.Take a second to assess your state of mindTypically, we are most likely to divert our attention when we’re feeling daunted or uncomfortable. The next few times you realize you’ve been interrupted, try and retrace your feelings to the moment just before you lost your focus. Were you nervous? Bored? Angry with your boss? This will help give you a se nse of danger zones so you can learn to avoid them.Triage to get to the most important stuffUsually the easy stuff is the most pressing, takes up the most of our headspace, and is the least important. Try knocking off all of the menial and logistical tasks first thing so you can devote the rest of your day to the important, more substantive projects.Schedule your most important hoursFigure out your most productive hours of the day and make them sacred. At your best from 9 a.m. until your first coffee break? Or maybe just after the boss has left in the afternoon? Make a schedule for your deepest concentration and stick to it. Don’t let anyone disturb you.Train your concentration musclesGood focus doesn’t happen overnight. Your ability to focus is a muscle and must be built up gradually. Time yourself between interruptions and try to power through to make your period of highest concentration longer and longer every day. You will get stronger and better at it, and work mi ght even become a pleasure.Pace aroundHave a problem you can’t quite figure out? Too much going on around you? Too many chefs? Take it outside and go for a short walk to clear your head. Sometimes we do our best thinking when our bodies are moving automatically and our brains are free to roam.

Conscientious Objection by Health Care Providers Essay

Conscientious Objection by Health Care Providers - Essay Example This essay stresses that a patient’s self-determination and exasperated autonomy, within these practices, has given rise to a new principle of professional integrity to protect the doctor’s conscientious objections if the request of the patient or his or her family appears to defy some fundamental human rights. Therefore, this paper strives to identify and describe the moral and legal criteria under which health care providers may decline or accept to provide healthcare treatments over the objection of patients and/ families. This paper makes a conclusion that health care personnel had the legal rights to provide healthcare treatments over the objection of the children’s families. Those paediatricians who were from the same communities also had to go against their religious beliefs, and administer vaccine to the affected children because they feared being held liable should unvaccinated children contract this disease, which could have been prevented through vaccination. â€Å"Medical neglect† is a legal concept that refers to the failure of a guardian or parent to obtain the required medical care for a child in spite of having the ability to do so. Health care personnel with moral objection to certain health care services have the right to inform their supervisors or colleagues to these objections. This is a necessary to minimize the disruption of health care delivery and burdens on other health care providers.